Legal source reference
Company records licensing: legal sources
General information, not legal advice; take your own advice.
Source references are retained from the guides, not newly verified legal advice. Check the current text, amendments, commencement and applicability with your own adviser. Some official hosts restrict automated access. Citation styles and pinpoint requirements vary; refer to the linked provision itself.
United States
Last checked:
United States licensing guide1. Which parts of company records can copyright cover?
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 102 — subject matter and scope (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 103 — compilations and derivative works (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#103
2. What rights matter, and who owns them?
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 106 — exclusive rights (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 101 — work-made-for-hire definition (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 201 — initial ownership (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.html#201
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 202 — copyright versus the material object (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.html#202
3. Does fair use replace permission?
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 107 — fair use and its four factors (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107
4. Copyright is not the only restriction
- 18 USC § 1839 — statutory trade-secret definitions (opens in a new tab)
https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-142/t18/s1839/
Official Code text current through Public Law 119-142 when checked on 15 November 2026.
5. Personal information needs a separate federal, state and sector review
- Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 USC § 45 — unfair or deceptive practices (opens in a new tab)
https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-142/t15/s45/
- California Civil Code § 1798.100 — official state privacy text (opens in a new tab)
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1798.100.&lawCode=CIV
An example of a state provision, not a statement that California law applies to every company.
6. Put the rights, scope and authority in the agreement
- Copyright Act, 17 USC § 204 — execution of transfers of copyright ownership (opens in a new tab)
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.html#204
United Kingdom
Last checked:
United Kingdom licensing guide1. Copyright can cover more than polished publications
- Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s 3 — literary works and recording (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/3
2. Check the restricted acts and the first owner
- CDPA 1988, s 16 — acts restricted by copyright (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/16
- CDPA 1988, s 11 — first ownership and employee works (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11
- CDPA 1988, s 90 — assignments and exclusive licences (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/90
3. Database right is a separate question
- Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, reg 13 — database right (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/3032/regulation/13
- 1997 Regulations, reg 16 — acts restricted by database right (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/3032/regulation/16
4. The text-and-data-analysis exception is narrow
- CDPA 1988, s 29A — copies for text and data analysis for non-commercial research (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/29A
5. Personal data requires its own lawful analysis
- UK GDPR, Article 5 — processing principles (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/5
- UK GDPR, Article 6 — lawfulness of processing (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/6
- UK GDPR, Article 9 — special categories of personal data (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/9
- Data Protection Act 2018 — current legal text (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents
6. Check an overseas buyer or processor before transfer
- UK GDPR, Article 44A — current general principles for transfers (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/44A
Checked after the 5 February 2026 amendment; this replaces reliance on the omitted Article 44 text.
- UK GDPR, Article 46 — appropriate safeguards (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/46
7. Review the licence and the authority to grant it
- CDPA 1988, s 90 — writing and signature for assignments and exclusive licences (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/90
Canada
Last checked:
Canada licensing guide1. Start with the rights in each work
- Copyright Act, s 3 — copyright in works (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-3.html
- Copyright Act, s 2 — definitions including literary work (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-2.html
2. Trace authorship, employment and written grants
- Copyright Act, s 13 — ownership, employment, assignments and licences (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-13.html
3. Fair dealing needs more than a research label
- Copyright Act, s 29 — research, private study and other listed purposes (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-29.html
- Copyright Act, ss 29.1 and 29.2 — criticism, review and news reporting (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-29.1.html
4. Check whether PIPEDA applies, and where
- PIPEDA, s 4 — application to commercial activities and federal works (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-4.html
- PIPEDA, s 5 — compliance and appropriate purposes (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-5.html
5. Purposes, consent, retention and safeguards all matter
- PIPEDA, Schedule 1 — clauses 4.3, 4.5 and 4.7 (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-sched417658.html
6. Add provincial law and third-party processing to the review
- Québec, Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector — current text (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/P-39.1
- PIPEDA, Schedule 1, clause 4.1.3 — third-party processing (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-sched417658.html
7. Define the licence and confirm authority
- Copyright Act, s 13(4) — scope and written form of assignments and grants (opens in a new tab)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-13.html
Australia
Last checked:
Australia licensing guide1. Identify the works and the acts comprised in copyright
- Copyright Act 1968, ss 10, 31 and 32 — current compilation (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text
Open the current compilation and navigate to the named sections.
2. Check authorship, employment and written assignments
- Copyright Act 1968, ss 35 and 196 — ownership, assignments and licences (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text
3. Fair dealing is not a blanket commercial-training licence
- Copyright Act 1968, ss 36 and 40 — infringement and research or study fair dealing (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text
4. Check Privacy Act coverage before applying an exception
- Privacy Act 1988, ss 6C, 6D and 7B — current compilation (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text
5. Apply the APPs to collection and the new disclosure purpose
- Privacy Act 1988, Schedule 1, APPs 3 and 6 — collection, use and disclosure (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text
6. Overseas recipients and security need express treatment
- Privacy Act 1988, Schedule 1, APPs 8 and 11 — overseas disclosure and security (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text
- Privacy Act 1988, s 16C — overseas recipient acts or practices (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text
7. Match the agreement to the rights and the officeholder's authority
- Copyright Act 1968, s 196 — limited assignments, writing and successors (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text
India
Last checked:
India licensing guide1. Copyright, ownership and the proposed licence
- Copyright Act 1957 — India Code (opens in a new tab)
https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00006_195714_1517807321712&filename=A1957-14.pdf&type=actfile
2. Personal data and phased commencement
- DPDP commencement notification — G.S.R. 843(E), 13 November 2025 (opens in a new tab)
https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/267647.pdf
Phased commencement: check the Gazette and subsequent notifications, not the Act title alone.
- Consent Manager framework update — 14 November 2026 (opens in a new tab)
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2336151&lang=1®=1
3. International processing and sensitive records
- Copyright Act 1957 — India Code (opens in a new tab)
https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00006_195714_1517807321712&filename=A1957-14.pdf&type=actfile
4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement
- Copyright Act 1957 — India Code (opens in a new tab)
https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00006_195714_1517807321712&filename=A1957-14.pdf&type=actfile
Singapore
Last checked:
Singapore licensing guide1. Copyright and computational data analysis
- Copyright Act 2021 — Singapore Statutes Online (opens in a new tab)
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CA2021?ProvIds=P12-
2. PDPA consent, purpose and disclosure
- Personal Data Protection Act 2012 — current text (opens in a new tab)
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012
3. Overseas recipients and employee records
- PDPA — transfer limitation and exceptions (opens in a new tab)
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012
Review the current sections and schedules with a Singapore adviser.
4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement
- Copyright Act 2021 — Singapore Statutes Online (opens in a new tab)
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CA2021?ProvIds=P12-
Ireland
Last checked:
Ireland licensing guide1. Copyright, original databases and ownership
- Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 (opens in a new tab)
https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2000/act/28/enacted/en
As-enacted text: check amendments and commencement.
- Irish government copyright legislation and revised Act links (opens in a new tab)
https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/what-we-do/innovation-research-development/intellectual-property/copyright/copyright-legislation/
2. EU GDPR and Irish data protection law
- EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (opens in a new tab)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law.
- Data Protection Act 2018 — Irish Statute Book (opens in a new tab)
https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/html
3. Database extraction and overseas transfers
- EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (opens in a new tab)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law.
4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement
- Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 (opens in a new tab)
https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2000/act/28/enacted/en
As-enacted text: check amendments and commencement.
Netherlands
Last checked:
Netherlands licensing guide1. Auteurswet and company authority
- Auteurswet — official Dutch legislation (opens in a new tab)
https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001886/
Dutch legal text; check the applicable version and amendments.
2. Database rights and reuse
- Databankenwet — official Dutch legislation (opens in a new tab)
https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0010591/
3. AVG, national implementation and transfers
- EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (opens in a new tab)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law.
- Uitvoeringswet AVG (opens in a new tab)
https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040940/
4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement
- Auteurswet — official Dutch legislation (opens in a new tab)
https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001886/
Dutch legal text; check the applicable version and amendments.
Germany
Last checked:
Germany licensing guide1. Urheberrecht and rights of use
- Urheberrechtsgesetz — current German text (opens in a new tab)
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/BJNR012730965.html
- Official English translation (opens in a new tab)
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_urhg/index.html
The translation may lag the German text; the current German provisions control.
2. Databases and text-and-data mining
- UrhG — copyright, databases and mining provisions (opens in a new tab)
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/BJNR012730965.html
3. GDPR, BDSG and workforce information
- EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (opens in a new tab)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law.
- Bundesdatenschutzgesetz — German federal data protection law (opens in a new tab)
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bdsg_2018/
4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement
- Urheberrechtsgesetz — current German text (opens in a new tab)
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/BJNR012730965.html
France
Last checked:
France licensing guide1. Author rights and the scope of a licence
- Code de la propriété intellectuelle — Légifrance (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/
French legal text; verify the current version. Automated access may be restricted.
2. Database producers and mining exceptions
- Code de la propriété intellectuelle — database and copyright provisions (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/
3. RGPD, French privacy law and transfers
- EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (opens in a new tab)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law.
- Loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 — Informatique et Libertés (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGITEXT000006068624/
4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement
- Code de la propriété intellectuelle — Légifrance (opens in a new tab)
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/
French legal text; verify the current version. Automated access may be restricted.