Company records licensing: legal sources Nordic MarTech · data.nordicmartech.com General information, not legal advice; take your own advice. Source references are retained from the guides, not newly verified legal advice. Check the current text, amendments, commencement and applicability with your own adviser. Some official hosts restrict automated access. Citation styles and pinpoint requirements vary; refer to the linked provision itself. United States Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-us 1. Which parts of company records can copyright cover? Copyright Act, 17 USC § 102 — subject matter and scope https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102 Copyright Act, 17 USC § 103 — compilations and derivative works https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#103 2. What rights matter, and who owns them? Copyright Act, 17 USC § 106 — exclusive rights https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 Copyright Act, 17 USC § 101 — work-made-for-hire definition https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 Copyright Act, 17 USC § 201 — initial ownership https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.html#201 Copyright Act, 17 USC § 202 — copyright versus the material object https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.html#202 3. Does fair use replace permission? Copyright Act, 17 USC § 107 — fair use and its four factors https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107 4. Copyright is not the only restriction 18 USC § 1839 — statutory trade-secret definitions https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-142/t18/s1839/ Official Code text current through Public Law 119-142 when checked on 15 November 2026. 5. Personal information needs a separate federal, state and sector review Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 USC § 45 — unfair or deceptive practices https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-142/t15/s45/ California Civil Code § 1798.100 — official state privacy text https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1798.100.&lawCode=CIV An example of a state provision, not a statement that California law applies to every company. 6. Put the rights, scope and authority in the agreement Copyright Act, 17 USC § 204 — execution of transfers of copyright ownership https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.html#204 United Kingdom Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-uk 1. Copyright can cover more than polished publications Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s 3 — literary works and recording https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/3 2. Check the restricted acts and the first owner CDPA 1988, s 16 — acts restricted by copyright https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/16 CDPA 1988, s 11 — first ownership and employee works https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11 CDPA 1988, s 90 — assignments and exclusive licences https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/90 3. Database right is a separate question Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, reg 13 — database right https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/3032/regulation/13 1997 Regulations, reg 16 — acts restricted by database right https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/3032/regulation/16 4. The text-and-data-analysis exception is narrow CDPA 1988, s 29A — copies for text and data analysis for non-commercial research https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/29A 5. Personal data requires its own lawful analysis UK GDPR, Article 5 — processing principles https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/5 UK GDPR, Article 6 — lawfulness of processing https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/6 UK GDPR, Article 9 — special categories of personal data https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/9 Data Protection Act 2018 — current legal text https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents 6. Check an overseas buyer or processor before transfer UK GDPR, Article 44A — current general principles for transfers https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/44A Checked after the 5 February 2026 amendment; this replaces reliance on the omitted Article 44 text. UK GDPR, Article 46 — appropriate safeguards https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/article/46 7. Review the licence and the authority to grant it CDPA 1988, s 90 — writing and signature for assignments and exclusive licences https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/90 Canada Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-canada 1. Start with the rights in each work Copyright Act, s 3 — copyright in works https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-3.html Copyright Act, s 2 — definitions including literary work https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-2.html 2. Trace authorship, employment and written grants Copyright Act, s 13 — ownership, employment, assignments and licences https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-13.html 3. Fair dealing needs more than a research label Copyright Act, s 29 — research, private study and other listed purposes https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-29.html Copyright Act, ss 29.1 and 29.2 — criticism, review and news reporting https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-29.1.html 4. Check whether PIPEDA applies, and where PIPEDA, s 4 — application to commercial activities and federal works https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-4.html PIPEDA, s 5 — compliance and appropriate purposes https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-5.html 5. Purposes, consent, retention and safeguards all matter PIPEDA, Schedule 1 — clauses 4.3, 4.5 and 4.7 https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-sched417658.html 6. Add provincial law and third-party processing to the review Québec, Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector — current text https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/P-39.1 PIPEDA, Schedule 1, clause 4.1.3 — third-party processing https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-sched417658.html 7. Define the licence and confirm authority Copyright Act, s 13(4) — scope and written form of assignments and grants https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-13.html Australia Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-australia 1. Identify the works and the acts comprised in copyright Copyright Act 1968, ss 10, 31 and 32 — current compilation https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text Open the current compilation and navigate to the named sections. 2. Check authorship, employment and written assignments Copyright Act 1968, ss 35 and 196 — ownership, assignments and licences https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text 3. Fair dealing is not a blanket commercial-training licence Copyright Act 1968, ss 36 and 40 — infringement and research or study fair dealing https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text 4. Check Privacy Act coverage before applying an exception Privacy Act 1988, ss 6C, 6D and 7B — current compilation https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text 5. Apply the APPs to collection and the new disclosure purpose Privacy Act 1988, Schedule 1, APPs 3 and 6 — collection, use and disclosure https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text 6. Overseas recipients and security need express treatment Privacy Act 1988, Schedule 1, APPs 8 and 11 — overseas disclosure and security https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text Privacy Act 1988, s 16C — overseas recipient acts or practices https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A03712/latest/text 7. Match the agreement to the rights and the officeholder's authority Copyright Act 1968, s 196 — limited assignments, writing and successors https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text India Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-india 1. Copyright, ownership and the proposed licence Copyright Act 1957 — India Code https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00006_195714_1517807321712&filename=A1957-14.pdf&type=actfile 2. Personal data and phased commencement DPDP commencement notification — G.S.R. 843(E), 13 November 2025 https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/267647.pdf Phased commencement: check the Gazette and subsequent notifications, not the Act title alone. Consent Manager framework update — 14 November 2026 https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2336151&lang=1®=1 3. International processing and sensitive records Copyright Act 1957 — India Code https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00006_195714_1517807321712&filename=A1957-14.pdf&type=actfile 4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement Copyright Act 1957 — India Code https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00006_195714_1517807321712&filename=A1957-14.pdf&type=actfile Singapore Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-singapore 1. Copyright and computational data analysis Copyright Act 2021 — Singapore Statutes Online https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CA2021?ProvIds=P12- 2. PDPA consent, purpose and disclosure Personal Data Protection Act 2012 — current text https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012 3. Overseas recipients and employee records PDPA — transfer limitation and exceptions https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012 Review the current sections and schedules with a Singapore adviser. 4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement Copyright Act 2021 — Singapore Statutes Online https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CA2021?ProvIds=P12- Ireland Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-ireland 1. Copyright, original databases and ownership Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2000/act/28/enacted/en As-enacted text: check amendments and commencement. Irish government copyright legislation and revised Act links https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/what-we-do/innovation-research-development/intellectual-property/copyright/copyright-legislation/ 2. EU GDPR and Irish data protection law EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law. Data Protection Act 2018 — Irish Statute Book https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/html 3. Database extraction and overseas transfers EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law. 4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2000/act/28/enacted/en As-enacted text: check amendments and commencement. Netherlands Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-netherlands 1. Auteurswet and company authority Auteurswet — official Dutch legislation https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001886/ Dutch legal text; check the applicable version and amendments. 2. Database rights and reuse Databankenwet — official Dutch legislation https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0010591/ 3. AVG, national implementation and transfers EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law. Uitvoeringswet AVG https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040940/ 4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement Auteurswet — official Dutch legislation https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001886/ Dutch legal text; check the applicable version and amendments. Germany Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-germany 1. Urheberrecht and rights of use Urheberrechtsgesetz — current German text https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/BJNR012730965.html Official English translation https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_urhg/index.html The translation may lag the German text; the current German provisions control. 2. Databases and text-and-data mining UrhG — copyright, databases and mining provisions https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/BJNR012730965.html 3. GDPR, BDSG and workforce information EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law. Bundesdatenschutzgesetz — German federal data protection law https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bdsg_2018/ 4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement Urheberrechtsgesetz — current German text https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/BJNR012730965.html France Last checked: 15 November 2026 Guide: https://data.nordicmartech.com/is-licensing-company-records-legal-france 1. Author rights and the scope of a licence Code de la propriété intellectuelle — Légifrance https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/ French legal text; verify the current version. Automated access may be restricted. 2. Database producers and mining exceptions Code de la propriété intellectuelle — database and copyright provisions https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/ 3. RGPD, French privacy law and transfers EU GDPR — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng Read Articles 5, 6, 9 and Chapter V alongside national law. Loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 — Informatique et Libertés https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGITEXT000006068624/ 4. Confidentiality, officeholders and the written agreement Code de la propriété intellectuelle — Légifrance https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/ French legal text; verify the current version. Automated access may be restricted.